MAKING THE ‘INVISIBLE’ ‘VISIBLE’: STRUGGLE OF WADA
Keywords:
Sport Doping, Antidoping Analysis, Gas-Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Hromatography/mass Spectrometry.Abstract
The current ‘prohibited list’ includes hundreds of substances, ranging from volatile stimulants to modified polysaccharides and glycoproteins, considering also an increasing variety of doping methods, including blood transfusions and other forms of blood doping. The period of invisibility depends on many parameters, and can range from a few days to several years; to tell the truth, new invisible substances and methods are expected to ‘show up’ in the future but as far as the scientific and technologic development continues to progress, and as far as the antidoping scientists continue to be involved in research projects running parallel to their routine activity, none of the few forms of doping will remain undetectable forever. The antidoping laboratories keep pace with the evolving scenario of doping substances and methods.
Metrics
References
Aguilera R, Becchi M, Casabianca H, Hatton CK, Catlin DH, Starcevic B, Pope HG Jr. Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 1996; 31: 169.
Banfi G: Limits and pitfalls of athlete‘s biological passport. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011, 49:1417–1421.
Catlin DH,AhrensBD, Kucherova Y.Detection of norbolethone, an anabolic steroid never marketed, in athletes‘ urine. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2002; 16: 1273.
Currell K, Moore D, Peeling P: A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance–Part 28. Brit J Sport Med 2012, 46:75–76.
De Mondenard J-P: Tour de France, 33 vainqueurs face au dopage, entre 1947 et 2010. Hugo et Cie; 2011:1–305.
Sekera MH, Ahrens BD, Chang YC, Starcevic B, Georgakopoulos C, Catlin DH.Another designer steroid: discovery, synthesis, and detection of ̳madol‘ in urine. Rapid Communications in MasSpectrometry 2005; 19: 781.
Thevis M, Sch ̈anzer W. Mass spectrometric identification of peptide hormones in doping-control analysis. The Analyst 2007;132: 287.
Thevis M, Geyer H, Mareck U, Sch ̈anzer W. Screening for unknown synthetic steroids in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2005; 40: 955.
Kohler M, Ayotte C, Desharnais P, Flenker U, L ̈udke S, Thevis M, V ̈olker-Sch ̈anzer E, Sch ̈anzer W. Discrimination of recombinant and endogenous urinary erythropoietin by calculating relative mobility values from SDS gels. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2008; 29: 1.
McNamee MJ, Tarasti L: Juridical and ethical peculiarities in doping policy. Journal of Medical Ethics 2010, 36:165–169.
Wiesing U: Should performance-enhancing drugs in sport be legalized under medical supervision? Sports Med 2011, 41:167–176.
World Anti-Doping Agency. The world anti-doping code. The 2012 prohibited list international standard.Montreal (Canada), (available online through the WADA website at www.wada-ama.org, last accessed August, 28th 2012).
Mandeep Singh Nathial, Analysis of set shot in basketball in relation with time to perform the course and displacement of center of gravity, American Journal of Sports Science, Vol.2 Issue.5 pp: 122-126 (2014). Retrieved from https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=155& doi=10.11648/j.ajss.20140205.13
Mandeep Singh (2010). Evaluation And Improvement of Sports Techniques Through Biomechanical Updated Analyzing Technology, University News, Journal of Higher Education Association of Indian Universities, Association of Indian Universities, Vol:48:Issue.05;2010 Pp45-57, 2010
Mandeep Singh Nathial, A Study of Adjustment and Emotional Intelligence of University Coaches in India, American Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014, pp. 122-126. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20140306.11
Nathial, mandeep singh. A COMPARATIVE AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SELF-ESTEEM AND JOB SATISFACTION IN ATHLETES AND NON ATHLETES. Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.15520/jassh210123
Singh, M., Kour, R., & Kour, A., A collaborative diversified investigation of respective responses of sports person coaches and organizations on criminalization of doping. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6 (S3), 11295–11310. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.8641
Mandeep Singh., Assessment of Vocational Interests of Pahadi & Bakarwal School Students In Relation To Their Gender. Int J Recent Sci Res. 9(3), pp. 24817-24819.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2018.0903.1731
Singh, M., & Deol, N. S.; KINEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH DRIVE IN SOCCER. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH PEDAGOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION AND MOVEMENT SCIENCES, 1(01). Retrieved from https://ijems.net/index.php/ijem/article/view/5